What Is Helicobacter pylori Infection (H. pylori)?

Helicobacter pylori infection is a common stomach infection caused by a type of bacteria known as H. pylori.

These bacteria can survive in the stomach’s acidic environment by making a protective film around itself which neutralised the stomach acid. It can also cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach. While many people never experience symptoms, H. pylori is one of the leading causes of digestive problems worldwide.

In some cases, the infection can lead to conditions such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and, rarely, stomach cancer.

H. pylori Symptoms

Many people don’t realise they have H. pylori until symptoms develop. When symptoms do appear, they often include:

• Burning or aching pain in the upper abdomen
• Bloating or frequent burping
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss

Seek medical attention if you have:

• Black or bloody stools
• Vomiting blood
• Severe stomach pain that does not go away
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dizziness or fainting

These symptoms could indicate complications such as ulcers or bleeding and need urgent medical attention. 

What Causes H. Pylori Infection?

H. pylori infection spreads through close contact and contaminated food and water.

Common transmission routes include:

• Sharing food, drink, and utensils with an infected person
• Poor hand hygiene
• Close contact (e.g. saliva, vomit, or stool)

H. pylori is contagious, once inside the body, the bacteria survive by producing substances that protect them from stomach acid.

Risk Factors

You may have a higher risk of H. pylori infection if you:

• Live in crowded conditions or households
• Have limited access to clean water
• Share living spaces with infected individuals
• Share utensils and food often
• Have a family history of ulcers or stomach cancer

Complications of H. pylori Infection

If left untreated, H. pylori can lead to:

1. Peptic Ulcers

Open sores in the stomach or duodenum affecting up to 15% of infected individuals.

2. Chronic Gastritis

Long term stomach inflammation that may cause ongoing discomfort and indigestion.

3. Stomach Cancer

Although uncommon, H. pylori is one of the strongest known risk factors.

How is H. pylori Diagnosed?

Doctors may recommend one or more tests to diagnose H. pylori Infection:

1. Breath Test

Detects H. pylori by measuring carbon dioxide levels in your breath

2. Stool Test

Detects the bacterial proteins

3. Blood Test

Identifies antibodies (often used in health screening)

4. Endoscopy

Allows direct examination and biopsy of the stomach

H. Pylori Treatment Options  

The good news is that H. pylori infection can be treated effectively with a combination of medications:

1. Antibiotics

Used to kill the bacteria (usually two types are prescribed together)

2. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Reduce stomach acid to allow healing

3. Bismuth-containing medications

Help protect the stomach lining and improve treatment effectiveness

Treatment typically lasts 10 to 14 days, and it’s important to complete the full course to prevent antibiotic resistance.

How to Prevent H. pylori Infection

While it’s not always possible to prevent, you can reduce your risk by:

• Washing hands regularly with soap
• Drinking clean, safe water
• Eating properly cooked food and ensuring proper food hygiene
• Avoiding sharing utensils in high-risk settings

H. Pylori Diet: What to Eat and Avoid

Foods That May Help with H. pylori Infection:

• Fresh fruits and vegetables
• Whole grains
• Foods rich in antioxidants

Foods to avoid with H. pylori Infection:

• Spicy foods
• Alcohol
• Coffee and caffeine
• Fried or fatty foods
• Highly processed foods

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should seek medical advice if you experience:

• Ongoing stomach pain
• Symptoms that don’t improve with basic treatment
• Signs of ulcers (pain, bleeding, black stools)

Early diagnosis helps prevent complications and ensures effective treatment.